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 Tommy's Gaussian method. tommy1729 Ultimate Fellow Posts: 1,491 Threads: 355 Joined: Feb 2009 08/19/2021, 09:40 PM see also post 199 in the fake function thread : https://math.eretrandre.org/tetrationfor...60#pid9660 regards tommy1729 tommy1729 Ultimate Fellow Posts: 1,491 Threads: 355 Joined: Feb 2009 11/09/2021, 01:12 PM let h(s) = inv.f( exp( f(s) ). whenever t(s) is close to 1 , h(s) is suppose to be very close to s+1. To study h(s) it makes sense to consider its derivative. The problem with derivatives is that no matter what kind of calculus you use , h-derivative or q-derivative or other types of derivatives , things just basicly look the same. By that I mean that for instance the chain rule remains the same independant of the use of h-derivative or q-derivative etc. This makes it hard to estimate things. Many have had the idea of replacing the derivatives with another concept to understand " change " but not very succesful I think. Special cases might however show succes. And therefore it is hard to exclude the idea completely. Ideas are welcome. Maybe James compositional calculus might help ?? I still do not understand that. Anyways the derivative of h(s) : h ' (s) = exp( f(s) ) * f ' (s) / f ' ( h(s) ) ( notice if h(s) was indeed s + 1 EXACTLY then f has to be tetration EXACTLY ) This identity is complicated. It is hard to show h ' (s) must be close to 1 when t(s) is close to 1. ( Based on nothing but imagination the idea of finding an f,h,t such that h'(s) = t(s) near the real line is fascinating , but i have no clue ) But what stands out is the division by f ' ( h(s) ). let h(s) = S. Then we want to understand 1/ f ' (S). In particular when is f ' (S) zero or close to zero ?? More general - or less - forget that S = h(s) and take s instead : when is f ' (s) zero or close to 0 ? We know that f(s) =/= 0. We have jensens theorem to relate log f ' (0) to the zero's of f ' (s) = 0 within a radius. Clearly when f ' (S) = 0 and t(s) is close to 1 , we have a singularity for h(s). ( notice I assumed f ' (s) = f ' (h(s)) = 0 and t(s) is close to 1 is not possible ) also notice the zero's of f ' (s) also affect when h ' (s) = 0. So this deserves attention. regards tommy1729 Tom Marcel Raes tommy1729 Ultimate Fellow Posts: 1,491 Threads: 355 Joined: Feb 2009 11/09/2021, 11:59 PM [§1] Notice that f(s) is close to tetration and f(s+1) is close to exp(f(s)) , so by the chain rule we get approximately  f ' (s) = f(s) * f ' (s-1) What implies some sort of pseudo-1-periodicity of closeness to zero. *** [§2] The whole idea of h(s) is based on the " opposite of chaos " : for a small variation of s ; s + q ( q small ) , exp^[n](s+q) is very different from exp^[n](s). This implies that when we consider f(s) as s iterations of exp of some starting values , then f(s+q+n) can be very different from f(s+n) even for small q. This in turn implies there exist small values q_2(s) such that f(s+q_2) = exp( f(s) ). Hence h(s) makes sense. *** [§3] Apart from h ' (s) being close to 1 and f ' (s) being close to 0 we can also consider ( things like ) this : When is h(s) = s + 1 ?? f(s) = exp( t(s) f(s-1) ). if h(s) = s +1 then  exp( f(s-1) ) = exp ( t(s) f(s-1) ) A = f(s-1)  thus  exp ( A ) = exp ( t(s) A ) 1 = exp(0) = exp(A - A) = exp( (t(s) - 1) * A ) = exp(2 pi i * k) therefore A = (2 pi i * k)/( t(s) - 1 ) for any integer k , if t(s) - 1 =/= 0. In other words : f(s-1) = (2 pi i * k)/( t(s) - 1 ) IFF h(s) = s + 1. Remember that f(s-1) is never 0 , so k = 0 is EXCLUDED ! These are some interesting equations. Not to complicated. This gives us some kind of " measure " of closeness to h(s) = s + 1 which might be useful ; m(s) = f(s-1) - (2 pi i * k)/( t(s) - 1 ) Somehow this feels like getting closer to showing h(s) is about s + 1 in particular in combination with [§1] and [§2]. It feels like some algebraic tricks or calculus tricks are just around the corner or hiding as treasures waiting to be discovered and used. Let M(s) be the absolute value of m(s). Should we consider integrals of type integral slog( M(s) + 1 ) or similar ?? Another idea/concern :  if t(s) = 1  the condition is not met. What does that imply ??  A singularity of h(s) ?? A natural boundary in the limit as t(s) is going to 1 ?? EQUIVALENT QUESTION : what happens when m(s) = oo ?? *** Many more ideas exist relating those above, but they tend to get circular or confusing so I stick with the imo basic ideas for now. I have been asked or given the " opportunity " to prove rigorously the gaussian method first , but I think you can see now it is not so trivial to formally prove things... as usual imo ... regards tommy1729 Tom Marcel Raes tommy1729 Ultimate Fellow Posts: 1,491 Threads: 355 Joined: Feb 2009 11/10/2021, 12:10 AM likewise we could consider trying to solve h(s) = s + 2 and hope " for the best " ; hoping it has none or not many solutions in the regions we care about. or in general solving h(s) = s + n for integer n. keep in mind that h(s) is suppose to be the closest solution to s. SO if h(s) = s  + 1 + 1/3 solves the issue , the other solution h(s) = s + 1 + 1 = s + 2 MIGHT not be a problem... so that still leaves hope. the " MIGHT " part is due to analytic continuation/branches ; we want to consider the " same h(s) ". regards tommy1729 JmsNxn Long Time Fellow Posts: 568 Threads: 95 Joined: Dec 2010 11/11/2021, 12:58 AM (This post was last modified: 11/11/2021, 06:02 AM by JmsNxn.) Just a quick note, the value $$h'(s)$$ satisfies the equation: $$h'(s) = \exp(f(s)) f'(s) / f'(h(s))\\$$ Then this is a first order differential equation which is related to compositional calculus, but I'm not sure how it could help. Either way, if: $$u(s,z) = \int_a^s \dfrac{\exp(f(x)) f'(x)}{f'(z)}\,dx \bullet z\\$$ Then, \begin{align} u(a,z) &= z\\ u'(s,z) &= \dfrac{\exp(f(s))f'(s)}{f'(u(s))}\\ \end{align} This leaves us the trouble of finding a value $$a$$ and $$z$$ that matches $$h$$. But I'm not so sure how much the compositional calculus would help, unless you are looking for a way to numerically evaluate this. If that is so, then the formula for this is a little involved (just a slightly more esoteric version than Euler's method). Let $$\{t_j\}_{j=0}^n$$ be a partition of $$[a,s]$$ in descending order: such that $$t_{j} - t_{j+1} = \mathcal{O}(1/n)$$; and let $$t_{j} \ge t_j^* \ge t_{j+1}$$: $$u(s,z) = \lim_{n\to\infty}\Omega_{j=0}^{n-1} z+ \dfrac{\exp(f(t_j^*))f'(t_j^*)}{f'(z)}\left( t_j - t_{j+1}\right)\,\bullet z\\$$ Which is just saying, if $$q_{jn}(z) = z+ \dfrac{\exp(f(t_j^*))f'(t_j^*)}{f'(z)}\left( t_j - t_{j+1}\right)\\$$ Then, $$u(s,z) = \lim_{n\to\infty} q_{0n}(q_{1n}(q_{2n}(...q_{(n-1)n}(z))))\\$$ This will converge locally for $$|a-s| < \delta$$ and $$z$$ almost everywhere (sort of). Luckily $$f'$$ is nonzero (i believe so). This definition can be extended in a very convoluted manner to a larger domain, it's just fairly difficult. This would be by the defining property of the compositional integral, which is: $$\int_{b}^c g(x,z) \,dx \bullet \int_{a}^b g(x,z)\,dx\bullet z = \int_{a}^c g(x,z)\,dx\bullet z\\$$ This definition works for complex $$s$$ as well; but normally I'd write it as a contour integral. Which is: $$\int_\gamma g(w,z)\,dw \bullet z = \int_{0}^1 g(\gamma(x),z)\gamma'(x)\,dx\bullet z\\$$ For $$\gamma$$ an arc which satisfies $$\gamma(0)= a$$ and $$\gamma(1) = s$$. I'm not so sure if this would really help though. I can't see this adding much more to the discussion than just applying Euler's Method on $$h$$. The compositional calculus only really develops a use when you start modding out by equivalence classes. But it is definitely helpful at visualizing the interaction between compositions and integrals. EDIT: IT seems this is an induced semi-group. Very damned interesting. The differential equation is separable, so it can be reduced to a semi-group. That is, $$u$$ has an alternative representation: \begin{align} u(s,z) &= \int_{0}^{A(s)} \frac{dt \bullet z}{f'(z)}\\ A(s) &= \displaystyle \int_a^s \exp(f(x))f'(x)\,dx\\ \end{align} This is shown by making the substitution $$dt = \exp(f(x))f'(x)\,dx$$ in the equation: $$u(s,z) = \int_a^s \dfrac{\exp(f(x)) f'(x)}{f'(z)}\,dx \bullet z\\$$ And if you define: $$U(w,z) = \int_{0}^{w} \frac{dt \bullet z}{f'(z)}\\$$ Then: \begin{align} U(0,z) &= z\\ U(w',U(w,z)) &= U(w' + w,z)\\ \end{align} So, You're differential equation actually reduces into a flow equation, which is very very nice. Essentially then, all we have to worry about to define $$h$$ is the pesky semi-group induced by $$1/f'(z)$$. Which shouldn't be too too hard. Just so you understand what a semi group induced by $$1/f'(z)$$ means; I mean that every semi group in existence is induced by the identity: $$\lim_{\delta\to 0} \frac{U(\delta,z)-z}{\delta} = g(z)\\$$ Where for $$h$$, $$g(z) = 1/f'(z)$$; from here, we input $$A(s)$$ into the exponent of the semi group--voila, we have $$h$$; so long as we choose $$a$$ and $$z$$ appropriately. I'm happy to explain this more because the compositional calculus includes much of the standard literature, it's just a better way of writing it imo. Where you can apply Leibniz substitutions/Riemann-Stieljtes integration/Flow theory much more compactly. Honestly, it's a well developed shorthand that I developed that isn't really needed. But once you start modding out by equivalence classes, WOAH buckle your seats! Regards, James. Hope I can help Tommy. « Next Oldest | Next Newest »

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