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 Complex fixed points of base-e tetration/tetralogarithm -> base-e pentation Base-Acid Tetration Fellow Posts: 94 Threads: 15 Joined: Apr 2009 10/17/2009, 02:59 PM (This post was last modified: 10/17/2009, 03:05 PM by Base-Acid Tetration.) hmm... i think the one at -3 would locally be a DOUBLE-logarithmic singularity, and the one at -4 is a triple-logarithmic singularity, etc. (if you take the log of 0 n times, you get a log^n singularity; if you exp^n a log^n singularity you get zero.) bo198214 Administrator Posts: 1,386 Threads: 90 Joined: Aug 2007 10/17/2009, 04:37 PM (10/17/2009, 10:47 AM)andydude Wrote: It is well known that there is a logarithmic singularity at -2, which is a specific kind of essential singularity. A logarithmic singularity is not an essential singularity! All 3 types: removable singularity, pole and essential singularity, are isolated singularities, i.e. the function is holomorphic in vicinity except at that singularity. This is not the case for the logarithm at 0. 0 is a branchpoint of the logarithm and of roots. Quote:It is also known that there are essential singularities at -3, -4, etc, but exactly what kind of singularities these are is not well known. Jay would call them doubly, trice, etc logarithmic. These all are branchpoints not isolated singularities. andydude Long Time Fellow Posts: 509 Threads: 44 Joined: Aug 2007 10/17/2009, 08:23 PM (10/17/2009, 04:37 PM)bo198214 Wrote: A logarithmic singularity is not an essential singularity! Sorry, I thought a logarithmic singularity was both a singularity and a branchpoint. Base-Acid Tetration Fellow Posts: 94 Threads: 15 Joined: Apr 2009 10/17/2009, 09:29 PM (This post was last modified: 10/17/2009, 09:30 PM by Base-Acid Tetration.) Not very rigorous argument: The region around -2 is locally a logarithmic branchpoint. At -2 every branch of tetration, like those of the logarithm, falls to an infinite value. since tet(-3)= log(tet(-2)) and logarithm of infinity, whatever infinity it is, is a kind of essential infinity, so every branch of tetration has these singularities we can repeat this process to get more than one singularities for every branch of tetration, which an entire pentation must avoid, so any entire pentation is trivial, a constant function pen(z) = fixed point of tet(z). so pentations that we like won't be entire. andydude Long Time Fellow Posts: 509 Threads: 44 Joined: Aug 2007 10/23/2009, 08:01 PM (This post was last modified: 10/23/2009, 08:11 PM by andydude.) Ok, I think I know what you were talking about now. The primary branchpoints of pentation are going to be where you see the logarithmic singularities in the picture below. These are approximately at $-1.68187 \pm 1.33724 I$ which is also approximately ${}^{\infty}e - 2$. It is not exact, because the region between -1 and 0 is only approximately (x+1). In other words, if L is a branchpoint of the superlogarithm, then $slog(slog(L))$ is going to be branchpoint of pentation. I also plotted two branch systems: A, from branchpoints to imaginary infinities D, from branchpoints to negative infinity The function being plotted is actually: $f(z) = \begin{cases} \text{slog}(f(z + 1)) & \text{if } Re(z) < 0 \\ {}^{z}e & \text{if } 0 \le Re(z) \le 1 \\ \text{sexp}(f(z - 1)) & \text{if } Re(z) > 1 \end{cases}$ Andrew Robbins Attached Files Image(s)         andydude Long Time Fellow Posts: 509 Threads: 44 Joined: Aug 2007 10/23/2009, 09:03 PM I also remember someone asking about fixedpoints of tetration, so I graphed some complex plots of $e^z - z$ and ${}^{z}e - z$ for comparison. It looks as though there are fixedpoints of tetration at: $z = -1.85$ $z = 0.8 \pm 1.5 i$ $z = 3 \pm 0.5 i$ and more... Attached Files   plot-expx-minus-x.pdf (Size: 443.39 KB / Downloads: 266)   plot-sexpx-minus-x.pdf (Size: 428.64 KB / Downloads: 263)   plot-sexpx-minus-x-big.pdf (Size: 447.15 KB / Downloads: 273) Base-Acid Tetration Fellow Posts: 94 Threads: 15 Joined: Apr 2009 10/23/2009, 09:27 PM (This post was last modified: 10/23/2009, 09:28 PM by Base-Acid Tetration.) Is it me, or will pentation indeed look a lot like tetration in the complex plane? andydude Long Time Fellow Posts: 509 Threads: 44 Joined: Aug 2007 10/24/2009, 12:26 AM (This post was last modified: 10/24/2009, 12:27 AM by andydude.) (10/23/2009, 09:27 PM)Base-Acid Tetration Wrote: Is it me, or will pentation indeed look a lot like tetration in the complex plane?Well, if by "look like" you mean it will have 2 branchcuts ($-1.6 \pm 1.33i$) instead of 1 branchcut (-2), and 4 primary fixedpoints instead of 3 primary fixedpoints, then yes. Below is a complex plot of $\text{pexp}(z) - z$, and even though there is a bit of double-vision, it is clear that there are 4 fixedpoints near the origin. Attached Files   plot-pexpx-minus-x.pdf (Size: 418.97 KB / Downloads: 273) Base-Acid Tetration Fellow Posts: 94 Threads: 15 Joined: Apr 2009 10/24/2009, 12:31 AM (10/24/2009, 12:26 AM)andydude Wrote: Well, if by "look like" you mean it will have 2 branchcuts ($-1.6 \pm 1.33i$) instead of 1 branchcut (-2), and 4 primary fixedpoints instead of 3 primary fixedpoints, then yes. I mean the way they both decay to a conjugate of values at large imaginary parts and positive real part. andydude Long Time Fellow Posts: 509 Threads: 44 Joined: Aug 2007 10/24/2009, 04:12 AM (This post was last modified: 10/24/2009, 04:15 AM by andydude.) (10/24/2009, 12:31 AM)Base-Acid Tetration Wrote: I mean the way they both decay to a conjugate of values at large imaginary parts and positive real part. Yes, it appears that $\lim_{x\to\infty} e{\uparrow}^3 (i x) = 0.7648667180537022 + 1.5298974233945777i$ (obtained with $\text{sexp}^{\infty}(1+1.5i)$) $\lim_{x\to\infty} e{\uparrow}^3 (-i x) = 0.7648667180537022 - 1.5298974233945777i$ (obtained with $\text{sexp}^{\infty}(1-1.5i)$) $\lim_{x\to\infty} e{\uparrow}^3 (-x) = -1.85035662730682$ (obtained with $\text{slog}^{\infty}(-1.5)$) do you mean negative real part? « Next Oldest | Next Newest »

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